Appendix B: Art Teachers in Pennsylvania, 1714-1870

Appendix B: A Biographical Dictionary of Art Teachers in Pennsylvania, 1714-1870

This biographical dictionary includes over 330 teachers of drawing, painting, needlework, photography, penmanship, waxwork, and other crafts who practiced in Pennsylvania between 1714 and 1870. It includes both private teachers and school faculty. Some of the entries were associated with schools for many years. Others were itinerate teachers who may have practiced only for a short time before moving on to their next location. Newspaper advertisements and school catalogues were the primary sources for this dictionary.

Reproduced and updated from Appendix B (pp. 408-438) Winkelman, R. J. (1990). Art education in the non-public schools of Pennsylvania, 1720-1870 (90-32395) [Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University].

The sources for the following biographical entries are the same as for the school with which the teachers were associated. (See Appendix A.) Any additional sources are enclosed in brackets at the end of each entry.

— A —

AARON, MISS MARTHA D.: Teacher in the department of drawing, painting, &c, at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
ABADIE, MR.: Mr. Abadie taught drawing at Abadie & Son’s Seminary in 1821, at Miss Charlotte Abadie’s English and French Day School also in 1821, and at Miss Abadie and Mrs. Osborne’s Seminary in 1823, where he also taught painting on paper or velvet. All three schools were in Philadelphia.
ALBRIGHT, WILLIAM: Landscape painter, limner, and teacher of drawing at Mrs. Hugh’s School for Young Ladies 1836-37, and at McConney’s Select Classical French and English Academy in 1837. Both Schools were located in Philadelphia. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1795 and was still listed in the 1850 census.
ALLEN, A. M.: Daguerreotypist, gave lessons in Pottsville in 1853.
ALLEN, KISS MARIA D.: Teacher in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
ALLEN, SISTER MARY: (Also called SISTER POLLY.) Needlework teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1811. She had been a student at the Seminary from 1789 to 1799. She also produced ebony work patterns in 1818.
ALWARD, MISS RACHEL A.: Assistant teacher of drawing at the Oakland Female Institute in 1851.
ANCORA, SIGNOR PIETRO: Drawing teacher who came from Rome to Philadelphia in the year 1800. Teacher of the artist John Neagle. In 1819, he began to import European paintings for exhibition in this country. A Meser. Ancora taught drawing at Philadelphia Lyceuas in 1830. [Fielding. p. 6.]
ANDERSON, WILLIAM G.: Teacher of Grecian landscape painting from Philadelphia. He taught a class of thirty-two students et the Tuscarora Academy in 1851 to “sketch and paint from nature with a high degree of accuracy.” An advertisement offering his services to the citizens of West Chester claimed, “Mr. A.’s system of Drawing and Painting from nature is new, easy, and very rapid—actually reducing the labor of months and weeks to days and hours. Very many who have thought themselves without taste, have learned by it to Draw and Paint from Nature, with a freedom, boldness, accuracy, and beauty seldom acquired in common systems.” He had previously conducted drawing schools in Savannah and Decatur, Georgia, and in Newbern, North Carolina.
ANDREWS, BARNARD: Teacher of embroidery in Philadelphia in 1768. He worked, mended, and cleaned all sorts of embroidery, including articles of clothing and pulpit hangings. He also made tassels and boxes. By 1770, he had moved to New York City and was advertising his services there. [New-York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, 16 April 1770]
ANGLANDE, MONS. J GERMAIN: Teacher of drawing at the Allentown Seminary in 1856.
ANTHONY, MRS.: Teacher of drawing, painting, embroidery, and wax and grotto work at her school in Harrisburg 1815-23.
ARMSTRONG, MRS.: Teacher of sampler work, spriging, flowers, flowering on muslin and sattin, rug work, setting in lace, embroidery, and marking on canvas at her husband’s school in Lancaster from 1805 until 1815, and thereafter in Harrisburg.
AVERY, MISS A. E.: Teacher of drawing and painting at the Allentown Seminary 1859-60.
AYER, MISS A. E.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Miss Allen’s Young Ladies’ High School in 1844.

— B —

BARLOW, MRS.: Drawing instructor at Mrs. Oliver’s Boarding and Day School in Pittsburgh in 1825.
BEAUCORT, FRANCOIS: (1740-1794) Born on Laprarie, near Montreal, the son of amateur painter Paul Beaucort, married the daughter of painter Joseph Camagne in Bordeaux in 1773. Painter and member of the Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Civil and Naval Architecture of Bourdeaux. Formerly of Paris, St. Petersburg, and Nantes, he taught drawing in Philadelphia in 1792. He also did oil painting, theatrical scenery, and ornamenting. [Groce and Wallace, p. 39; R. H. Hubbard, p. 171]
BECK. MR.: Teacher at his Drawing School in Philadelphia in 1799. His school was conducted on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, 3-5:00 for ladies, and 5:30-7:30 for men. Home instruction was also given. Mr. Beck claimed to teach an especially simple and short method of perspective, “The Essential ground work of all kinds of drawing.” He was also a landscape painter.
BECK, MR.: Teacher of drawing, and painting in oil and crayons in his wife’s English & French Boarding and Day School in Philadelphia in 1801.
BECK, ABRAHAM REINKE: (1833-1928) Principal of the Beck Family School from 1865 to 1895. A good artist himself, Mr. Beck taught his boys drawing in pencil and crayon, and watercolor painting. Some of his pupils continued on in art. As the first amateur photographer in Lititz, he built a darkroom on the school’s back porch in 1885. His brother, J. Augustus Beck, painted the drop curtain and scenery for the annual theatrical performances at the school. [H. Beck, pp. 272-285]
BECK, JOHN: Drawing and painting teacher at his Academy in Lititz in 1815. On Saturdays, Beck supplemented his income, not by returning to his previous occupation as shoemoker, but rather “adapted another expedient, that of engraving tombstone epitaphs, which I considered more profitable; and as I had acquired a slight knowledge of painting, I undertook to paint signs and to ornament chairs for a chairmaker.” The Lancaster artist, Adam Mortimer Lightner, was a pupil of Beck’s.
BELL, MRS.: Teacher of samplers, gobeline work, tambouring, embroidery, and drawing at her boarding school in Harrisburg, 1797-99.
BENNETT, PROFESSOR C.C.: Professor in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
BERG, ESTHER: Teacher of worsted work at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1827-28.
BIRCH, WILLIAM RUSSELL: (1775-1834) Enamel painter, miniaturist, engraver, and drawing instructor in Philadelphia in 1794. Born in Warwickshire, England, he moved to America in 1794. His advertisements claimed recommendation by Mr. West. He exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Columbianum, the Society of Artists, the Pennsylvania Academy, and the Artists’ Fund Society. [Groce and Wallace, p. 51; Bolton, Portrait Drauqhtsmen, p. 5]
BIRKMAN, MRS. PETER: Gave instructions in ornamental needlework and cutting at her husband’s Young Ladies’ Academy in Harrisburg in 1826.
BISSY, MR.: Teacher of drawing in Philadelphia in 1799. Mr. Bissy had previously taught in the West Indies.
BLECK, CAROLINE: Teacher of drawing, velvet painting, and ebony work at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1822-43. In 1836, she exhibited the drawing, “William Tell’s Chapel” at the Artists’ Fund Society. She also taught at her brother’s school, the Bleck Academy. [Groce and Wallace, p. 55; E. Meyers, Bethlehem Times, 9/21/1929]
BOWES, JOSEPH: London architect, taught drawing in Philadelphia in 1794. Ladies and gentlemen were taught drawing in architecture and landscapes. Tradesmen were taught in the evening 7-9:00.
BOYER, SISTER ROSEL: Needlework teacher at Linden Hall, Lititz, 1800-1802. [Schwarze, p. 301]
BREVOST, MME.: Taught needlework at Madame Rivardi’s Seminary for Young Ladies in Philadelphia in 1802 and at the Brevost School in Pittsburgh in 1814. Mother of Antoinette.
BREVOST, ANTOINETTE: Teacher of drawing at the Brevost School in Pittsburgh 1814-1822. She had studied landscape and still life painting under the Philadelphia drawingmaster, Denis A. Volozon. After moving her school to Natchez, Antoinette was further tutored in drawing by John James Audubon, whom she had hired to teach drawing in her new school. She and her parents died in the yellow fever epidemic of 1823. [Kary Johnson, pp. 151-168]
BRIDPORT, GEORGE: Painter and drawing teacher with his brother Hugh in Philadelphia 1816-17. He decorated the ceiling of the House of Representatives in 1808. [Groce and Wallace, p. 80; Aurora, 11/22/1817)
BRIDPORT, HUGH: Painter, miniaturist, engraver, architect, and drawing and watercolor teacher in Philadelphia 1817-18. He was born in London in 1794, studied at the Royal Academy, and then came to America in 1816. He opened his first drawing academy in 1816, in association with his brother, George. In 1818, he associated with John Haviland, an architect, also from England. He died in Philadelphia about 1868. He exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Pennsylvania Academy, and the Artists’ Fund Society. [Groce and Wallace, p. 81]
BROWN, HANNAH: Teacher of marking and different kinds of needlework at her school in Lancaster in 1796.
BROWN, HENRY E. F.: Drawing teacher at Charlas H. Schwartz’ Academy and Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1867, and at Bishopthorpe School, Moravian Parochial School, and Miss Carroll’s Select Academy for Girls in 1869. [H. E. Brown]
BROWN, WILLIAM: Drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary.
BURKET. MRS. MARY A. M.: Teacher of ornamental needlework and drawing at the Saltsburg Male and Female Academy in 1852.
BURROUGHS, MISS SARAH A.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary in 1862.
BUTLER. H. A.: Teacher of mechanical drawing at the Pittsburgh School of Design for Women in 1869.

— C —

CALDWELL, MISS SARAH: Teacher of ornamental needlework, and flower and landscape painting in York in 1823.
CAMERON, EMMA: Artist and teacher of wax fruit in Philadelphia in 1857. She was awarded the silver medal by the Franklin Institute. A native Philadelphian, she married the Scot painter, James Cameron. [Groce and Wallace. p. 104]
COOKE. DR. JESSE W.: Teacher at his West Chester Young Ladies’ Seminary. He was “as justly celebrated for his skill in [crayon] drawing, as he is unrivaled in the use of water colors.”
CAPRON, MRS.: Teacher of drawing, “Landscape, Figure and Flower embroidery, Tambour, Filagree and Artificial Flowers, Plain Work, Marking, &c.” at the French & English Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies in Philadelphia 1796-1801. In 1802, she Joined the faculty of Mrs. Rivardi’s Academy, also in Philadelphia.
CARROLL J. R.: Art teacher at his studio on Penn Street in Pittsburgh. He also painted portraits, did free hand drawing, and worked in crayon and watercolor. [*History of Pittsburgh and Environs* 3:625]
CARSON, MRS.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Mrs. Dennison and Mrs. Spencer’s School in Philadelphia in 1823; “a lady of eminint talents.” Several of her watercolor still lifes were exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy. [Groce and Wallace, p. 112]
CHAMPLIN, MISS LUCINDA T.: Teacher of music, drawing, and painting at the Lancaster Young Ladies’ Institute in 1853.
CHAPMAN. MISS A. A.: Teacher of drawing, painting, wax fruit and flowers, hairwork, and ornamental leatherwork at the Ladies’ Institute of Art in Philadelphia 1857-1860.
CHISLETT, MR. J.: Professor at his “school for teaching Drawing and Painting, in all their various styles,” in Pittsburgh in 1833. Advertised as a portrait painter in 1832, and an architect in 1834.
CHRISTIE, ALEXANDER: Taught the “Drawing of Figures, Flowers, Landscapes, &c. In China Ink, Colours, and Red Chalk” in Philadelphia in 1786. His lessons were held in the evening at Hess. Cooke and Co., Jewellers.
COFFER, KARY: Needlework teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1854.
COLEMAN, SILAS: Landscape and genre painter of Philadelphia, and drawing and painting teacher at Andalusia Institute in 1861. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy. [Groce and Wallace, p. 139.]
COOPER, PEREGRINE F.: Taught drawing, painting, coloring of photographs and ivorytypes, “India ink and pastil painting, and a beautiful process for enameling pictures” at his Photographic & Art Gallery in Philadelphia in 1863. He worked in Philadelphia from 1840 to 1890 and was known for his pastel portraits, miniatures, and portrait and animal paintings. He was the author of The Art of Making and Coloring Ivory Types. Photographs. Talbotypes and Miniature Painting on Ivory, 1863. [Groce and Wallace, p. 147.]
CORNWELL, MRS. L.A.: Teacher of drawing at the Indiana Seminary in 1858.
COWLEY, PROFESSOR: Teacher of ornamental writing, flourishing, pen drawing, and card writing at the Iron City College in Pittsburgh in 1856.
COX, JAMES: (1751-1834) Teacher at his Drawing and Painting Academy where he instructed “Youth in the useful and elegant Accomplishments of Drawing and Painting, upon Paper, Glass, Canvas, Muslin, and Sattin; also; Shading with India Ink.” Young ladies were instructed from 2:00-4:00, young gentlemen from 6:00-8:00, and a class for “grown Ladies” from 11:00-noon. His Academy was located in Philadelphia from about 1785 to 1800 when he relocated in Lancaster. His teaching methods utilized a “collection of fine views, &c. drawn from Nature” during his travels. His students were able to purchase all necessary art materials at the Academy “on reasonable terms.” Adults could receive instruction in their own homes. Cox’s services also included, “Coats of Arms neatly drawn and painted; Pictures framed, glaized and gilded, in the most elegant and modern style; superfine colours and India Ink prepared, and warranted superior to any imported. Copperplate Prints, Maps and Paintings, accurately copied; [and] Drawing and Shading on Sattin for Needle-Work.” George Washington’s household account book has a 7 July 1797 entry showing 6.69 “p’d, Jas. Cox for teaching G. W. Custis to draw, materials, etc.” Cox collected over 5000 volumes on fine arts and sold them to the Library Company of Philadelphia. He was born in England in 1751 and died in Philadelphia in 1834. [Groce and Wallace, p. 151; Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 3 (1907):57]
CRAWLEY, JOHN: Born in England in 1784, he conducted a Drawing School for Young Ladies and Gentlemen in Pittsburgh in 1814. He exhibited at the Society of Artists and at the Pennsylvania Academy. [Groce and Wallace, p. 153]
CROSBY, MRS.: Teacher of ornamental needlework, drawing, and painting at her Young Ladies’ Select School in Pittsburgh in 1834.
CROSS, MISS: Teacher of ornamental needlework and drawing at her school in Harrisburg in 1824. She previously taught in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, and in Baltimore.
CROSS, MR.: Teacher of ornamental branches at Miss Withy’s Boarding and Day School in Philadelphia in 1825.
CUMMINS, MISS MARY: Penmanship teacher at Pittsburgh Female College for the school year 1868-1869.
CUNOW, JOHN G.: Teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1817.
CURTIS, MISS SARAH H.: Teacher of oil, Grecian, antique, and watercolor painting at the Chambersburg Female Seminary in 1860.

— D —

DALRYMPLE, SUSAN: Teacher of ornamental needlework, knitting, fringeweaving, etc. in Pittsburgh in 1813.
DANIEL, MISS AUGUSTA P.: Teacher in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
DAY, MISS ANN D.: Teacher of chromatic and pencil drawing and painting at the Young Ladies’ Seminary in Harrisburg in 1850. Presumably the daughter of G. Day, principal of the Seminary.
DAY, MISS KARY E.: Assistant teacher of drawing at the Young Ladies’ Seminary in Harrisburg in 18S0. Presumably the daughter of G. Day, principal of the Seminary.
DE BARTHOLT, MISS S.: Teacher of drawing and painting in private homes and at Miss Anna C. de Bartholt’s Seminary in Philadelphia in 1830.
DE LA BROWN, MR. M.: Teacher of mezzotinto and fancy painting in twelve lessons in Pottsville in 1849.
DEIKER, MISS LINA: Teacher of French and drawing at the Oxford Female Seminary in 1852.
DER WEILEN, PROFESSOR: Professor in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
DICKSON, RICHARD L.: Teacher at his Writing Academy of ornamental writing “together with the flourishing, designing and striking with the pen, by a free motion of the Arm all kinds of birds, beasts end fishes….”
DIETERICH, MRS.: Hair Jewelry maker of Westchester in 1863, originally from Philadelphia. In her advertisement offering braided hair Jewelry lessons she stated, “The pupil will make, in the course of the lessons, a Breast Pin and Ear Rings, besides learning the other braids consisting of Charms, Bracelet Chains, &c. Mrs. D. guarantees to give satisfaction to all who employ her. She has lowered her terms to suit the times, giving a full course, which consists of 12 lessons, for Ten Dollars. Hair Jewelry is the most fashionable kind now worn, and anybody, after taking lessons, can make their own set, besides feeling satisfied the hair has not been changed. Painting, Wax Flowers and Fruit also taught.”
DIFFENBACH, MONS. P.: Teacher of drawing, painting, and design at the Oakland Female Institute in 1863.
DOCK, CHRISTOPHER: German Mennonite teacher in area that is now Montgomery County. He taught school for ten years after his arrival from Europe sometime between 1714 and 1718. He pursued farming for a few years, then resumed teaching in 1738 and continued until his death in 1771. Dock is known as a master Frakturist, a school of the art being named after him. His classroom was decorated with 25 illuminated texts, and he pioneered the use of the chalkboard in the classroom. His pedagogical work, Schul-Ordung, was the first of its kind in America. Dock produced Fraktur pieces as rewards for his students, and as copy examples. There is at least one signed example of Fraktur painting by a student of Dock’s, and it is done in Dock’s style. [Studer, pp. 179-196; Bender, pp. 4-7]
DODGE, THE REV. N.: Lecturer on the fine arts at the Cedar Hill Female Seminary in 1837.
DOUGHTY, THOMAS: (1793-1856) Landscape painter, lithographer, and teacher of oil painting with rooms at Mr. Child’s Lithographic Establishment in Philadelphia in 1830. A native of that city, Doughty had spent the previous two years in Boston. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy, the Boston Athenaeum, the American Academy, and the National Academy, among others. Doughty died in New York City in 1856. He is regarded as one of the founders of the Hudson River School. [Groce and Wallace, p. 185: Dickson, no p.]
DOWLEY, PROFESSOR: Professor of ornamental writing, flourishing, pen drawing and card writing at the Iron City College in Pittsburgh 1856-64.
DREXEL, FRANCIS M.: Painter, miniaturist, and drawing master at Mr. Bazeley’s Seminary in Philadelphia. Born in Austria in 1792, he spent one year in a convent school in Italy, and three years apprenticed to en Austrian painter near his hometown. He spent five years wandering through Switzerland, France, and Italy to avoid military service, finally arriving in Philadelphia in 1817. He frequently exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy. He lost his position as drawing master as a result of being libeled by his brother-in-law. Seeking a change, he toured and painted in South America for four years, returning to Philadeiphia in 1830. In 1837 he opened a banking house. [Boies Penrose, “The Early Life of F. M. Drexel, 1792-1837,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 60:329-357]
DRINKER, JOHN: Miniaturist, portrait painter, and teacher of drawing, coloring, and painting on glass at his own school in Philadelphia in 1787. He taught in the house of Mr. Pratt, who assisted him. He used honorary premiums to reward those students who excelled. He also produced “Likenesses in Miniature at 3 guineas each. Ditto in Crayons at 2 guineas each. Ditto in Oyl from l to 5 guineas each. Ornamental Painting and Pencil-Work done as usual, in oyl or water colours, on wood, tin, copper, glass, ivory, lines, or paper.” [Groce and Wallace, p. 189]
DUPONCHEL, PROFESSOR: Professor of drawing at the West Pennsylvania Academy in Pittsburgh in 1834.
DU SIMITIERE, PIERRE EUGENE: (1737-1784) Artist, naturalist, and historian, who taught in Philadelphia 1783-1784. Du Simitiere was born in Geneva, and at the age of 20, left Europe for America, never to return. An avid collector, he traveled extensively between the West Indies and the principal cities of North America. In 1782, he opened the first museum in Philadelphia. Falling upon hard times in 1783, he began giving drawing lessons in Philadelphia. His most famous student was Thomas Jefferson’s daughter, Martha. The instruction did not last long according to a letter sent to Jefferson by Francis Hopkinson whose mother was caring for the girl.” I have the Pleasure to inform you that your Girl comes on finely in her Education; but Mr. Simitiere has, with great Sagacity, discovered that she has no genius, and declares he will leave her at the end of the Month…. He says he is no School-Master, and not obliged to go thro’ the Drudgery of teaching those who have no Capacity.” Jefferson replied, “I am sorry Simitiere thinks her a dull subJect in his line. I do not forsee that she will ever have another opportunity of learning to draw, and it is a pleasing accomplishment and a valuable one in many circumstances.” [Boyd 6:444-445, 542]
DUVIVIER, MR.: Drawing end painting teacher at his Academy in Philadelphia, 1796-97. He was a member of the Royal Academy at Paris. His son assisted with the instruction. It was his practice to draw examples in front of his students, rather than letting them work from previously-drawn copies or prints. Classes were held in “separate airy apartments, where each sex are attended separate,” or at the home of the student. Mr. Duvivier also claimed to be in possession “of a secret and curious mode of painting on silk, satins, &c. the colours of which will never fade, either by time or repeated washings, but will continue its brilliancy and beauty….” They supplied patterns for this secret art which could be “executed with as much elegance, and considerable less trouble and expence than embroidery.” Classes were held 11-1:00, 3-5:00, and 7-9:00. Mr. Duvivier and son also exhibited and sold their own paintings at the academy.

— E —

EBERMAN, SISTER SARAH: Drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary.
ECKSTEIN, FREDERICK: Teacher of topographical, figure, landscape, and flower drawing at the Harmony Seminary, 1817-1819, and at his own Seminary in Pittsburgh in 1820. He was an academician of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.
EGGERT, FRANCES: Drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary, 1844-50. She died in Bethlehem in 1892.
ELLIOTT, MISS A. L.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Airy View Academy in 1869.
ELLIOTT, MRS.: Teacher of tambour-work, in shading and in gold and silver; embroidery in all its branches, shenel-work, filagree-work, open-work, plain-sewing and sampler-work, painting, and drawing in Lancaster in 1802.
ELLITHORPE, MISS S. J.: Full-time teacher of drawing and painting et Pittsburgh Female College for the school year 1868-1869. She was from “the East.”
ELOUIS, JEAN PIERRE HENRI (HENRY): (1755-1843) Drawing teacher to the young ladies of Philadelphia in 1792. Instruction was given at his school or in the homes of his students. Born in Caen, France, “he studied art under the French painter, Jean Barnard Restout, going to London in 1783, where three years later he won the Royal Academy Silver Medal for drawing of the human figure. He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1785, 1786 and 1787, and at the beginning of the French Revolution emigrated to America, settling in Baltimore. Charles Willson Peale met him in 1797 at Annapolis, and calling him ‘Mr. Loise’ mentions that ‘he paints in a new stile’ querying ‘if this gentleman so cried up will do better than Mr. Pine whose reputation was equally cried up.’ In 1792 Elouia removed to Philadelphia and his name appears in the Directories for 1793 as ‘limner 201 Mulbery.’” In 1794, he was listed as a portrait painter, and in 1799 as a miniature painter. “He remained in Philadelphia until 1799 during which period he gave instruction in drawing to Eleanor Custis and painted miniatures of Washington and of Mrs. Washington. Elouis, travelling over the United States, Mexico and South America, returned in 1807 to France, leaving behind him many pictures, ‘particularly at Havana and Philadelphia where he remained the longest.’ At Philadelphia he painted many of the illustrious persons of the Revolution among others being the portrait of Gen. Anthony Wayne…. In 1811 he was made curator of the museum of his native town, which office he held for nearly thirty years. His portraits are noted for their simplicity and directness.” [Wehle, pp. 34, 82]
ETERLINE, HARRIET: Teacher of velvet painting at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1822-25.
EVARTS, MISS CORNELIA A.: Drawing teacher at the Bedford Classical School and Female Seminary in 1857.

— F —

FAIRCHILD, NELLIE C.: Teacher of painting and drawing at the Ercildoun Boarding School in 1860.
FALIZE, CLAUDIUS: Architect from Paris and teacher at his Drawing and Painting Academy in Philadelphia, 1794-95. Instruction was given in the following types of drawing and painting: architectural, figure, landscape, animal, flower, ornament, drafts, maps and plans. Hours of instruction for gentlemen, 8-10:00; for ladies, 3-5:00; and for children 6-8:00. He also produced drawings, paintings, and maps for sale.
FIFE, MR.: Teacher of ornamental penmanship at D. R. Ashton’s Institute for the education of Young Ladies in Philadelphia in 1854.
FISHER, MISS CHARLOTTE: Drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1813-27.
FLORY, MISS SARAH: Teacher of “pencilling” and crayoning at Chambersburg Academy in 1864.
FLOYD, MRS.: Teacher of enamel painting, Grecian painting in oil, wax flowers and fruit, inlaid papier mache, potochomanic and leatherwork in Pittsburgh in 1859.
FOLWELL, SAMUEL: Teacher at his Young Ladies’ Drawing School in Philadelphia, 1793-94. He admitted 36 pupils at a time, in three classes of 12, each class meeting three half-days per week. Tuition was $8 per quarter. In addition to pencil work, instruction was given in “Painting upon Ivory, Sattin, Paper or canvas [and] that curious Art of working Devices in human hair….” The Philadelphia Directories, and various ads identify Folwell as a limner, miniature painter, fancy hair worker, silhouettist, and draughtsman on ivory, sattin, and paper for the years 1786-1800. He was probably born in New England and arrived in Philadelphia at about age 28. He exhibited at the Columbianum in 1795. Folwell died in 1813. [Groce and Wallace,
p. 233; Gillingham, p. 515]
FOX, GILBERT: (1776-1806) Engraver, drawingmaster, and actor from London. He was brought to Philadelphia in 1795 by Trenchard who wanted to acquire Fox’s knowledge of engraving. When Fox’s contract was fulfilled, he took the position of drawingmaster at a girls’ boarding school. My source does not give the name of the school. [Dunlap 2:174-175]
FOX, JOSEPH: Teacher of drafting at his Seminary in Philadelphia in 1825.
FRANCIS, MR.: Teacher at the Drawing School in Pottsville in 1830. He was previouslyae house and ornamental sign painter in Philadelphia.
FRANCK, PROFESSOR L. GEORGE: Teacher of mechenical, architectural, and topolographical drawing at his Evening Drawing School at the Polytechnic College in Philadelphia 1861-1865.
FRANK, FREDERICK: Teacher of flower, landscape, end perspective drawing at his drawing school in Lancaster in 1817.
FRICK, MRS. B.: Teacher of wax flowers and fruit at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1866-70.

— G —

GALLIGHER. MRS.: Instructor in knitting and lace in her school in Lancaster in 1797.
GAMBLE, NISS N.: Teacher of “mosaic enamelling, painting, gold, military, embroidery, tapestry, banner work and tassels, hair, wax and ivory painting” in Philadelphia in 1864.
GARTH, MR. G.: Teacher of drawing at his School in Philadelphia in 1825.
GETTYS, T. R.: Photography teacher at the Skylight Gallery in Bedford in 1864.
GILBERT, MRS. ELIZA F.: Teacher of drawing, painting, and music at the Mercersburg Female Seminary in 1851.
GILLELAND, MR.: Gave “instruction in the various branches of Oil Painting and Drawing” in Edgeworth Ladies’ Seminary in 1830.
GILLESPIE, MR. C. B.: Private drawing and painting instructor in Pittsburgh in 1841.
GOOD, MRS.: Teacher of tambouring, embroidery, open work, painting, and drawing in Washington in 1809.
GOUND, MISS A. E.: Teacher of drawing, painting, painting on velvet with theorems, “ornamental gilding, bronzing, silvering, &c. after the Chinese method on glass, wood, paper, metal, or other substances,” and needlework at New Brighton Female Seminary in 1833.
GRAHAM, MRS.: Teacher of needlework at her school in Pittsburgh in 1812.
GRAHAM, MISS E.: Instructor in drawing and oil and watercolor painting in the Mary Institute in Carlisle in 1868.
GREEN, MRS.: Painting teacher in Harrisburg in 1832. Her money-back guarantee of proficiency covered three painting courses. The first was landscape, animal, and flower painting in twelve lessons. The second was ebony painting in six lessons. The third was mezzotinto in ix lessons. She worked out of private rooms at the home of Mr. C. Glem on Walnut Street, and also gave lessons in the homes of her students.
GREEN, A.: Teacher of tambour and fine needlework at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1809-14.
GREEN, MR. S.: Itinerant drawing and painting teacher from London who offered his services in Pittsburgh in 1835. His prospectus made the following claims. “Oriental Tinting. This System comprehends Drawing and Painting, Flowers, Birds, Butterflies, Fruit, &c. It includes, delicacy of shade, shadows, lights, with the blending of colours, and every thing necessary to render the pupil a person of taste and quick discernment in the Fine Arts, entirely independent of further instruction, capable of painting five times more rapidly, and following nature much more closely, than those who practice upon the old system. Messotinto. A beautiful and lively style of Painting, never before taught in this city—the admiration of all people of refined taste—an imitation of the most exquisite Engravings of Landscapes, &c. By these, unlike the ordinary systems of Drawing and Painting, pupils are sure of succeeding, even supposing their previous tastes to be seemingly unfitted for the pursuit. In this, and also in every other art taught by Mr. Green every possible information is given to the pupils. His object is to render the learner capable of proceeding after the course of from 4 to 6 lessons, without the least difficulty or impediment. Transferring on wood, Persian Japanning, Wax Flowers, etc. taught after the Persian style, in from 2 to 6 lessons. The whole course of lessons may be taken in one day if required.” Green also taught Penmanship and stenography. The lessons were offered to ladies and gentlemen, the ladies being, “attended to at home.”
GREEN, MISS SOPHIE M.: Drawing teacher at Upland Normal School, Delaware County, in 1859.
GRUNEWALD, GUSTAVUS: (1805-1878) Landscape and portrait painter, lithographer, and drawing and painting teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1836-66. A landscape painter of some note, Grunewald came to Pennsylvania from Germany in 1831, and returned there in 1868. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy, the Artists’ Fund Society, the National Academy, the Maryland Historical Society, the Apollo Association, and the American Art Union. He died in 1878. [Groce and Wallace, p. 279. See chapter 8.]

— H —

HAIGH, MRS.: Teacher of drawing, painting, wax flowers and fruit, and coral and alum basket making in Pottsville in 1847.
HAIGHT, MISS: Teacher of drawing, theorem, and painting at her school in 1833.
HAIGHT, NISS ANN N.: Teacher of drawing and painting at the Oakland Female Institute in 1853.
HALLET, STEPHEN S.: (c. 1760-1825) Teacher of architectural drawing at Messrs. Demillier and Delavanne’s Drawing and Painting Academy in Philadelphia 1796-97. He was born in France and arrived in Philadelphia by 1790. He moved on to Washington, D. C., but being unable to support his family there, returned to Philadelphia to teach drawing. [Tatman]
HAMILL, MR. J. C.: Teacher of drawing and penmanship at Coatesville Academy in 1856. “Mr. Hamill is one of the beat Penmen in the State, and was awarded the premium for his specimens of Penmanship and Pen Drawing, at the late Chester Co. Horticultural Fair.”
HAMILTON, MRS.: Needlework teacher at her school in Harrisburg, 1819-20.
HAND, MRS. HENRIETTA: Fancy needlework teacher in Philadelphia in 1863.
HARRIS, MRS. E.: Teacher of “fancy needle work, wax fruit, flowers, &c. hair work, painting, &c.” in Philadelphia in 1863.
HASTINGS, MISS F. M.: Teacher of drawing at Andalusia Institute in 1868.
HAVILAND, JOHN: (1792-1852) One of the most important architects of the time, Haviland taught drawing at his Academy in 1818 in association with Hugh Bridport and John A. Woodside. Born and educated in England, he came to America in 1816. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy and the National Academy. He was also the first professor of drawing at the Franklin Institute. [Bennett, p. 324]
HAYDON, WILLIAM: Drawing master from London who taught in Philadelphia beginning in 1797. In addition to drawing, he gave lessons in ornamental painting and poonah painting (theorem). His classes were held in the homes of the students. He also lent formulas (theorem stencils) “for a moderate remuneration” to those who were acquainted with the process. The 1799 Philadelphia directory listed Haydon as a sign and ornamental painter. He offered poonah painting lessons in Harrisburg and Pittsburgh in 1829, and drawing and painting instruction in Pittsburgh in 1836.
HEATH, MRS.: Teacher of drawing and painting, painting on velvet, lace and satin embroidery, and embossed and fancy needlework in West Chester in 1839.
HECKEWELDER, SISTER POLLY: Teacher of ornamental needlework at Linden Hall, Lititz. 1800-1802. She was the daughter of a well-known Indian missionary. [Schwarze, p. 302]
HEINS, CHARLES: (A.M., University of Gottingen, Geraany) Teacher of painting and drawing at the West Chester Academy in 1854.
HENDERSON, ANNE W.: Superintendent and teacher of drawing at the Pittsburgh School of Design for Women in 1869.
HERR, MRS. FANNY A.: Teacher of drawing and painting at the Christiana Institute in 1859.
HETZ, MR.: Teacher of drawing at Mrs. Hugh’s School for Young Ladies in Philadelphia in 1835.
HETZEL, GEORGE: (1826-1899) Landscape, still life, portrait, and figure painter, and teacher of drawing and painting in Pittsburgh in 1859, and of landscape in oil at the Pittsburgh School of Design for Women from its inception in 1856. He frequently took his classes out into the country to paint directly from nature. A native of Alsace, he moved to Pittsburgh when he was two. He studied two years at the Dusseldorf Academy (1847-49) and exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy in 1855. [Groce and Wallace, p. 304: History of Pittsburgh and Environs 3:626; Chew, p. 51-52]
HEWET, ISABEL: Teacher of needlework, “such as white and colored seam, drawing and flowering, Embroidery and dresden work,” in her school in Philadelphia in 1768.
HICKOK, MRS. MARY: Gave lessons in drawing in her school in Harrisburg in 1841.
HILL, MRS.: Had charge of the drawing department of the School of Design for Women in Philadelphia from its founding in 1850 until her death aboard the ship, Henry Clay, in 1852.
HODGE, MR. S.: Photography teacher at City Daguerrian Gallery in Pittsburgh in 1848.
HOFLAND, PROFESSOR T. R.: Drawing teacher from London, and son of a “distinguished artist of that city.” Taught at Dr. Cook’s Westchester Young Ladies’ Seminary in 1838, and at Mrs. Heath’s School in 1839.
HOLMES, GEORGE W.: Landscape painter and teacher of drawing at the Friends’ Academy in Philadelphia in 1841, and then at his own school in 1865. Born in Ireland, he worked in Philadelphia 1838-1868, and exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy. [Groce and Wallace, p. 323]
HONFLEURE, MR. AND MRS.: Taught painting in six lessons in Pottsville in 1833.
HORSFIELD, SARAH J.: Tambor teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1825-28. She married A. Andreas. She died in Bethlehem in 1843.
HOWE, MISS CHARLOTTE A.: Teacher of Grecian and Oriental painting, and ornamental needlework at Pittsburgh Female College from 1856 to 1858.
HUGHES, MISS SARAH: Teacher of drawing and painting at the Allentown Seminary in 1860.
HUNSICKER, LIZZIE BENJAMINA: Teacher of drawing, painting, and fancywork at the Excelsior Normal Institute in 1860. The school catalogue calls her “a professional artist.”
HUNT, MISS ALLETTA W.: Teacher of drawing at Allentown Academy in 1849.
HUSSEY, SARAH: Teacher of “Tambour and Embroidery in gold and silver, sheneal silk and cotton; the open work in the muslins and elegance in shading; to spangle and pearl, &c.” in Philadelphia in 1775. She offered instruction at her house on Second Street or in the homes of her students.

— I — J —

ILLIES, MR. C. W.: A native of Prussia, gave drawing and painting lessons in Pottsville in 1844.
INGERSOLL, MISS CALISTA: Teacher in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
JACKSON, MISS M. A.: Teacher of landscape and flower painting in Harrisburg in 1840. Miss Jackson worked out of a room she had taken at the residence of Mr. H. Lutz on Locust Street.
JAMESON, MRS.: Fancy needlework teacher in York in 1819.
JENNINGS, SAMUEL: Portrait painter, miniaturiat in oils and crayon, and teacher at his drawing school in Philadelphia in 1787. He also offered to “Paint Likenesses in Miniature, at three guineas each: Head Size Portraits in Oil at four guineas, and in Crayons two Guineas.” In 1792, he presented a large allegorical painting, “The Genius of America Encouraging the Emencipation of the Blacks,” to the Philadelphia Library. He then “went to London where he engaged in the business of painting copies of the Old Masters for sale as originals.” [Groce and Wallace, p. 348]
JOHNSON, MISS HULDA R.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary 1858-59.
JOHNSTON, MR.: Teacher of architectural drawing at his residence in Philadelphia in 1841.
JONES, MISS: Teacher of drawing and painting in the young ladies’ department of her school in Pittsburgh in 1844.
JUDSON, MRS. L. C.: Teacher of “all kinda of needlework” at her select school in the basement of the First Baptist Church in Pittsburgh in 1841.

— K —

KELLY, MISS ANNIE H.: Gave instructions in drawing and Grecian painting at her school in West Chester 1859-62.
KENT, MISS E.: Taught ornamental needlework at her school in 1842.
KERN, PROFESSOR JOHN: Professor of mechanical, architectural, and topographical drawing at the Polytechnic College and teacher of drawing and painting at D. R. Ashton’s Institute for the Education of Young Ladies, both in Philadelphia in 1854. He also taught drawing and painting 1852-1865. In 1867, he is listed as “professor of drawing” at Central High School in Philadelphia. [McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory, 1867]
KING, DR. JAMES: Lecturer on artistic anatomy at the Pittsburgh School of Design for Women in 1969.
KLEIST, SISTER ANNA ROSINA: Painting teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary from 1788 to 1805. In 1805, she married the Rev. John Gambold. She died in 1821 at Spring Place, Cherokee Mission, Georgia.
KNIGHT, CHARLES: Miniature painter and drawing teacher in Philadelphia following 1800. He was from England and held a certificate from the Royal Academy of London.
KOLBE, PROFESSOR C. F.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Airy View Academy in 1869.
KRAEMER, PETER: Artist and teacher of drawing and painting at his residence in Philadelphia in 1862.
KRAUSE, SOPHIA: Teacher of worsted work at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1828-32. She married the Rev. C. A. Beck. She died in 1846 at Salem, North Carolina.
KRIMMEL. JOHN LEWIS: (1787-1821) Portrait and genre painter, and drawing master in Philadelphia. Born in Germany, he came to America in 1810. He taught for a time in a ladies’ boarding school, but was dismissed when he refused to add finishing touches to the work of his students, as was the custom in a competing boarding school. His own painting was in the miniaturist style, “lining in faces and doting the foliage.” He exhibited at the Academy. Krimmel was elected President of the Association of American Artists in 1821, but accidentally drowned in the same year. [Groce and Wallace, p. 377; Dunlap 3:391-396: Dickson. no p.]
KUMMER, MARIA E.: Teacher of worsted work at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1823-50.

— L —

LABBE, MR.: Teacher of ornamental branches at Miss Withy’s Boarding and Day School in Philadelphia in 1825.
LACOUR: Architect, artist, and drawing master during 1794 with Claudius Falize at the Drawing and Painting Academy in Philadelphia. He advertised himself as a “Scholar of the Royal Academy of Painting at Paris.” He spent most of the period 1785 to 1799 working in New York City. [Groce and Wallace, p. 380]
LAMB, ANN HARTLEY: Teacher at the Bethlehem Female Seminary from 1817 to 1822; during which time she received payment for drawing patterns. She died in Bristol, England, in 1867.
LAMBDIN, JAMES REID: (1807-1889) Portrait and miniature painter, and drawing teacher “at his room” in Pittsburgh in 1824, and at Mrs. Basham’s School in the same year. He had studied under Sully the previous year. In 1828, he opened a museum and painting gallery at the corner of Fourth and Market Streets. His museum included “paintings, curios, stuffed quadrupeds, foreign and American birds, besides minerals, fossils, including both the bones and teeth of the
mammoth, marine shells, reptiles in spirits, coins and medals, corals, Indian Curiosities, etc.” In 1832, he moved to Louisville, and in 1837, settled in Philadelphia and taught at the University of Pennsylvania. Lambdin held offices in both the Pennsylvania Academy and the Artists’ Fund Society, and was an honorary member of the National Academy. Presidents Lincoln and Grant sat for him. He was born in Pittsburgh in 1807, and died in Philadelphia in 1889. [History of Pittsburgh and Environs 3:625; Bolton, Portrait Drauqhtsmen, p. 44; Groce and Wallace, p. 382; Dickson, no p.]
LEE, MISS E. F.: Teacher of needlework at her Young Ladies’ Seminary in Pittsburgh in 1834.
LEONARD. MISS MARIA R.: Teacher of drawing, painting, and embroidery at the Oakland Female Institute in 1855.
LE SUEUR, M.: Teacher of drawing at Mrs. Grimshaw’s Young Ladies’ Seminary in Philadelphia in 1821.
LIFE, SUSAN JANE LaMONTE: Teacher of painting on canvas and china, and embroidery at Muncy Seminary from 1856-1869.
LOCHMAN C. L.: Teacher of drawing at the Allentown Seminary in 1849.
LOOMIS, MRS.: Ornamental needle work teacher in the female department of the Pittsburgh Manhattan School in 1815.
LOUIS, JOHN F.: Landscape painter and teacher of drawing and painting in Philadelphia in 1860. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy in 1863. [Groce and Wallace, p. 404]
LUCKENBACH, RUEBEN O.: (1818-1880) Landscape painter and drawing and painting teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1865-70. He had been a pupil of Grunewald’s from whom he learned to decorate furniture. While teaching at the girls’ Seminary, he also taught a class of boys at his studio. For a time in the 1860s, he served as Professor of Fine Arts at the University of Pennsylvania. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy in 1863. [Brown, no p.]

— M —

NAME: Description
M’CALLISTER, MARY: Teacher of painting, needlework, wax work, and shell work at her boarding School in Philadelphia in 1767.
MCCLURG, TREVOR: (1816-1893) Portrait, genre, and historical painter and teacher of figures in oil at the Pittsburgh School of Design for Women in 1869. In the 1840s he studied in Europe, primarily in Italy. He returned to Pittsburgh in 1848. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy, the National Academy, the Artists’ Fund Society, and the American Art Union. [Chew, p. 93]
M’CREADY, F. M.: Teacher of drawing and painting in Harrisburg in 1831. Mr. M’Cready claimed to be an author and professor of English grammar, penmanship. drawing and painting, &c. He conducted separate ladies’ and gentlemen’s classes at the home of Mrs. Wiestling, west of Market Square. He also offered classes for ladies at their own homes.
M’CURDY, MRS.: Teacher of samplers, sprigging. and flowering in Harrisburg in 1793.
M’DONALD, ANDREW: Taught architectural drawing in his Evening Drawing School in Pittsburgh in 1809.
M’DOUGAL, MR, B.: Teacher of architectural drawing in Pittsburgh in 1833.
McGHEE, THE MISSES: Gave lessons in drawing, painting, ornamental needlework, tapestry, lace-work and bead-work at their Select School located in their residence on Walnut Street in 1841.
M’KILLIP, MISS MINNIE: Teacher of Penmanship at Pittsburgh Female College from 1866 to 1868.
M’LAUGHLIN, W. L.: Miniature, fancy and ornamental painter in Harrisburg in 1823 who also gave private instruction.
MAETZEL. MISS ELIZA: Teacher of fancy needlework at Pittsburgh Female College from 1866 to 1869.
MAGUIRE, MRS. LEAH: Needlework teacher at her school in Harrisburg 1815-25.
MALLONE, MRS.: Teacher of “Drawing, Embroidery, Tambour. Raised and flat fillagree, artificial flowers, plain work, marking, &c.” at the French and English Boarding School for Young Ladies in Philadelphia in 1801.
MARR, MISS: Teacher of drawing and painting at her mother’s Female Seminary 1852-57.
MARSHAL, ANN: Embroidery teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1777-95. “Ann Marshall not listed in the ‘Souvenir.’ Evidently one of the Single sisters who were called upon to teach. She was born in 1754—came to Bethlehem in 1777, & was Pflegerian (i.e. house manager) of the Sisters’ House. She died in 1795, & was succeeded as embroidery teacher by Maria Rosina Schulzer.” [Handwritten note in box “2nd needlework accounts,” Moravian Archives]
MARVIN, MISS MARY ANN: Taught map drawing at her Select School for Young Ladies in Pittsburgh in 1835.
MASON, WILLIAM: Teacher of drawing at Soule and Lincoln’s Classical, French and English School in 1833, and at John Haslam’s Classical and Mathematical School in 1834. He also taught drawing and painting at Ashton’s Institution for Young Ladies in 1836 and at Edmund Neville’s Young Ladies’ Institute in 1837. All four schools were located in Philadelphia. His name appears in city directories as a drawing master from 1829 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1844. He was also an engraver on wood, copper, and brass, and a landscape and still life painter. He was a native of Connecticut and served his apprenticeship in Hartford under the engraver, Abner Reed. George Gilbert served as apprentice to Williams in Philadelphia. Thomas H. Hinckley also studied under him. He exhibited at the Society of Artists, the Pennsylvania Academy, and the Artists’ Fund Society. In an 1830 speech on drawing given by Walter R. Johnson, principal of the High School of Philadelphia, we find a note of thanks to Mason and his pupils for producing the “Models and drawings, intended to exemplify the method described….” [Groce and Wallace, p. 428]
MEESER, H.: Mechanical drafting instructor at the Pittsburgh Commercial College in 1852.
MEINUNG, MARY SALOME: Teacher of drawing, painting, and tambour at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1809-12. She married the Rev. Thomas Langballe. She died in Bethlehem in 1862.
MERILLAT, MR.: Drawing teacher at Norristown Boarding School in 1836. He was formerly a meaber of Fellenberg’s Institution at Hofwyl.
MILLER, PROFESSOR FRANK: Drawing and painting instructor at Shaffer’s Commercial School and at Professor Findley’s Classical and Mathematical School, two schools which shared the same address in Pittsburgh in 1864.
MILROY, MISS: Drawing teacher in Pittsburgh about 1833.
MINIFEE, CHRISTOPHER: Architect from London, and teacher of architectural drawing in Philadelphia in 1797. In his evening school he taught “the true principles of drawing in architecture…[and] the rudiments of the art, on the most modern and improved system, as obtained under the first London masters.” He also executed plans and elevations.
MOHR, F. J. REV.: Teacher of drawing and painting in the male department of Allentown Seminary 1852-53.
MOORE. THOMAS W.: Ornamental penman and teacher of ornamental penmanship at Crittenden’s Philadelphia Commercial College in 1862.
MURRAY, JR., SAMUEL: Drawing teacher in Philadelphia in 1857.

— N — O —

NEIMEYER, JOHN H.: Professor in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870. He also taught pencil and mechanical drawing (including perspective), and oil painting at the Tremount Seminary in 1863. Both schools were located in Norristown.
NELSON, MRS. JANE S.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Wyoming Seminary in 1852.
NEWHALL, MISS LETTIE A.: Sketching and painting teacher at Andalusia Institute, 1866-68.
NEWTON, MRS.: Teacher of drawing, embroidery, and needlework at her select school in Pittsburgh in 1841.
NEWTON, JOSEPH: Teacher of “drawing and painting in all their branches” in Pittsburgh in 1838. The ladies’ class was on Tuesdays and Fridays from 10:00 till noon. The gentlemen’s class was on Monday and Thursday evenings from 7:00 till 9:00. In 1844, Mr. and Mrs. Newton are listed as conducting a select school which included drawing and painting.
NICHOLSON, MISS MARY A.: Teacher of drawing and painting in the Ladies’ Seminary of the Beaver Academy in 1853.
NIELDS, MISS E. A.: Teacher of drawing and painting in addition to music in West Chester in 1867. She gave lessons at the residence of her father.
OSBORNE, MRS. E. V.: Teacher of drawing and ornamental subjects at Allegheny Male and Female Seminary in Rainsburg in 1860. She was the wife of E. J. Osborne, principal of the Seminary.
OUDRY, E.: Drafting and architectural drawing teacher in Pittsburgh in 18S6. He was previously a professor at the Arts et Metiers, Paris.

— P — Q —

PAUL, JEREMIAH: Teacher of painting at his school in Philadelphia from 1790 to about 1800. Paul painted portraits and historical subJects and was an intimate of the Peale family. His painting of George Washington and family on the veranda at Mount Vernon was widely copied by engravers. While visiting Pittsburgh in 1814, he painted a coffee house sign which captured the imagination of Lambdin to the extent that he decided to become an artist. Paul died in Missouri in the early 1820s.
PAWLINGS, MRS.: Teacher of needlework, embroidery, making of baskets, netting, and knitting at her school in Harrisburg in 1819.
PARROTT, MRS. MARIA: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary in 1857.
PARSON, MISS: Teacher of “fancy and ornamental needlework” at her school in St. Clair, Allegheny County, in 1841.
PARTCH, MISS M. J.: Teacher of drawing and painting at the Harrisburg Female Seminary from 1853 to 1858. She was a graduate of the Burlington Female Seminary in Vermont and was employed there as music teacher until coming to Harrisburg.
PERKINS, MISS H. H.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Chambersburg Academy in 1864.
PETERS, MRS.: Founder of the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. From 1848 to 1850, she taught classes in her own home. In 1850, her school became a part of the Franklin Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts.
PETICOLAS, PHILIPPE ABRAHAM: (1760-1841) Miniaturist, music teacher, piano tuner, print seller, and drawingmaster from Paris who offered “Drawing, such as osteology, myology, anatomy, flowers, landscapes, figures,…[and] Miniature Painting.” He taught in Philadelphia in 1791, in Lancaster in 1802, and settled in Richmond about 1805. Two of his sons, Edward F. and Theodore V., became artists. [Groce and Wallace, p. 502]
PETTIT, G. W.: Teacher of ornamental drawing at Professor Franck’s Evening Drawing School in the Polytechnic College in Philadelphia in 1865.
PHIPPS, CHARLES: Teacher of “writing in several hands” in Philadelphia in 1729.
PICOT, MR.: Teacher of ornamental branches at Miss Withy’s Boarding and Day School in Philadelphia in 1825.
PIERCE, MRS. MARILLA P.: Teacher of drawing at the Cassville Institute in 1852. Wife of the principal, the Rev. Ralph Pierce, she had completed her studies at Carenovia Seminary, N. Y.
PLUM, KARY CATHARINE: (Also called SISTER POLLY) Teacher of needlework at Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1809-1842. She was well known for needlework in crepe and ribbon, which was introduced into the Seminary in 1818.
POINDEXTER, MISS: Drawing teacher et Miss Wotring’sSchool in Pittsburgh in 1859.
PORTER, MRS. LORANA D.: Taught ornamental needlework in Pottsville in 1829.
PREST, MISS: Teacher of drawing and painting at her Ladies’ School in Harrisburg in 1831.
PURVIANCE, H. A.: Photography teacher at Purviance’s Daguerrian Gallery in Allegheny City (Pittsburgh) in 1851.

— R —

RAFFENSPERGER, ESQ, J. D.: Ornamental penmanship teacher at the Cumberland Valley Institute in 1857.
RAUCH, DR, FREDERICK A.: Taught a course in aesthetics at Mercersburg Academy in 1840. Born in Germany in 1806, he was educated it the Universities of Marburg and Heidelberg, and taught at the University of Giessen. An unguarded political statement by Rauch offended the government, and forced him to flee the Fatherland in the middle of the night. He landed in America in 1831. He first gave piano lessons to support himself, then he taught German at Lafayette College. He became principal of a York classical school, which was later moved to Mercersburg, where after a time it was organized as Marshall College with Rauch as Professor and President. Rauch published one book on psychology and had planned another on aesthetics. [Nevin, pp. 338-340]
REED, R. HEBER: Teacher of drawing at the Broad Street Academy for Boys in Philadelphia 1864-66.
RIEDER, MR.: Succeeded F. K. Drexel as drawingmaster at MR. Bazeley’s Seminary in Philadelphia in the mid 1820s. [Penrose, p. 345]
REINAGLE, HUGH: (c. 1788-1834) A native Philadelphian, taught at his Drawing and Painting Academy in 1818. He offered “drawing and painting in Landscape, Architecture, Perspective, Anatomy and Ornaments.” Separate classes for ladies and gentlemen were held during the day and in the evening. “H. R.’s works in oil and water colours, consisting of a great variety of interesting views of various places in the .United States, [were] to be seen gratis at the Academy.” He also was a theater scenic painter in Philadelphia; Albany, New York; and New Orleans, where he died in 1834. He was the son of musician and composer Alexander Reinagle. [Groce and Wallace, p. 530, Paxton’s Philadelphia Directory, 1818]
REINKE, J. A.: Tambour teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1814.
RHODES, MISS SARAH M.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Pittsburgh Female College from 1856 to 1858.
RHODES, WILLIAM: Drawing teacher at the Locust Grove Seminary in Lawrenceville, Allegheny County, in 1854.
RIDER, MR.: A drawing teacher who arrived in Philadelphia from Wurtenberg in 1810 with his friend John Krimmel. [Dunlap 2:390-391]
ROBERTS, MR.: Teacher of “drawing, in a superior manner, in water or oil colors” at his Night School in Philadelphia in 1841.
ROBERTS, MRS.: HUGH Taught needlework at her husband’s school in Philadelphia in 1730.
RODES, MRS.: Taught students to flourish on muslin in Philadelphia in 1723.
ROSIENKIEWICZ, MARTIN: Teacher of drawing and painting at his academy in Philadelphia 1837-38. The academy was located on the second floor of a building at 92 South Eighth Street in 1837, and at 167 Spruce Street in 1838. He sold the “best articles of drawing and painting, at liberal prices.” Classes were limited to twelve students, and he even offered “family classes.” He ran the following advertisement in the United States Gazette (8/22/1834), “A respectable Polander, of bland manners and address, is desirous of being employed in a genteel family in the country, to instruct children or youth in the French language, of which he is perfectly master, and in the art of drawing.” He appears as an art teacher in Cincinnati 1845-50. [Groce and Wallace, p. 548]
RUDISIL, MISS SARAH: Teacher of ornamental needlework in Carlisle about 1820.
ROSSITTER, MRS. ANNA G.: Teacher of fancy needlework and wax work at Pittsburgh Female College from 1868 to 1870.
RUPP, MISS CAROLIN: Needlework teacher at the Cumberland Valley Institute in 1857. Miss Rupp was presumably the daughter of one of the proprietors, I. D. Rupp.
RUSCHA, MR.: Teacher at the Drawing School in Pottsville in 1830. He had previously worked as a house and ornamental sign painter in Philadelphia.
RUSSELL, MRS.: Pittsburgh artist about 1818 who advertised to give “instructions in free hand drawing and painting on velvet, cambric, paper, worsted cloth, mantles. etc.” [History of Pittsburgh and Environs 3:625]

— S —

SACKS, LAMBERT: A portrait, historical, and landscape painter who taught “drawing, painting in oil and water colors, pastel painting and re-touching photographs, flowers, Grecian painting, &c.” in Philadelphia in 1858. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy in 18S4. [Groce and Wallace, p. 554]
SARGEANT, MISS ABBY M.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary in 1859.
SARGEANT, MISS LUCY H.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary 1864-65.
SAUTER, SISTER ELIZABETH: Drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1826-37, She married A. Eichler of Lancaster. She returned to the Seminary to teach from 1849 until her death in 1854.
SAUTER, MISS LOUISA: Drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary.
SCHARIBROCK, ELIZABETH: Teacher of “all Manner of Berlin or Dresden Needlework, in the genteelest and most elegant Manner” on Third Street, between Race and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, in 1762. She taught from 10:00 till noon, and from 2:00 till 4:00. She also produced Dresden work for sale.
SCHRADER, MRS. A.: Gave lessons in her home in “embroidery on wool and silk, appearing like painting,” in 1833. Mrs. Schrader had recently traveled in France, Germany, and England, and promised knowledge of the most fashionable kinds of European needlework.
SCHULZE, MARIA ROSINA: Needlework teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1787-1817.
SEINVERS, CAROLINE: Teacher of ebony work, velvet painting, and worsted work at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1822-27.
SHAFER, PROFESSOR NEWTON: Teacher of penmanship at Pittsburgh Female College from 1859 to 1862.
SHAW, JOHN: Architectural drawing teacher in Pittsburgh in 1859.
SHAW, MRS. M. E.: Teacher of drawing and painting on velvet at her Ladies Academy in Carlisle about 1820. She later appears as a teacher of drawing and needlework in Reading.
SIEGERT, ELEANOR: Drawing and painting teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1851-52.
SIMS, MRS. J. C.: Teacher of drawing and landscape and flower painting in Harrisburg in 1841. She offered individual or group instruction.
SMITH, A. C.: Photographer and teacher of the art in Harrisburg in 1858.
SMITH, JN. I.: Supplied patterns for the Bethlehem Female Seminary 1810-13.
SMITH, JOHN RUBEN: Teacher of drawing and perspective at his school in Philadelphia sometime after 1807. [Marzio, p. 19]
SMITH, MISS A.: Daguerreotypist and teacher of the art in Pittsburgh in 1842.
SMITH, MR.: Teacher of drawing “in all its branches” and ornamental painting at his Drawing Academy in Philadelphia in 1801.
SMITH. MR. D. R.: Taught drawing, perspective, and oil painting at his rooms on First Street in Pittsburgh in 1851. He established the Pittsburgh Academy for Instruction in Drawing and Painting in 1855. [History of Pittsburgh and Environs 3:626]
SMITH, MRS.: Taught needlework at her school in Harrisburg in 1810. She had recently come from Northumberland.
SMITH, MRS.: Taught bead and fancy rug work, ornamental crape work, and drawing and painting at her school in West Chester in 1843.
SMYTH, MISS A. BENIGNA: Teacher of worsted work at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1860-67.
SMITHE, JAMES: Engraver, seal cutter, and teacher at his Evening Drawing School in Philadelphia in 1790. The classes were held 6-8:00 weeknights. He had worked in Philadelphia 1868-78 until being accused of treason and leaving with the British troops for New York City. He returned to Philadelphia by 1786, and died there in 1797. [Groce and Wallace, p. 592]
SNIVELY, MISS R. H.: Teacher of Drawing at the Chambersburg Academy in 1863.
SNYDER, MISS ELLEN L.: Teacher in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
SNYDER, MISS LUCY A.: Teacher of drawing, painting, and design at the Oakland Female Institute in 1858.
SPANG, MR. OTHANIEL: Professor of drawing, painting, and design at the DeKalb Institute in 1859 and at the Oakland Female Institute in 1870.
SPOTTSWOOD, MRS. LUCY: Teacher of watercolor, oriental, and Grecian painting, and shell work at the Bedford Classical School and Female Seminary in 1857.
SPRING, MISS SUSAN L.: Instructor in drawing, oil, watercolors, crayon, and pastel painting at Opheleton Female Seminary 1853-55.
STEARNS, THE MISSES: Itinerant teachers of pastel and black crayon painting in 1864. Their advertisement in West Chester stated that they would “remain in town but a few days.”
STEINHAUER, HENRY: (1782-1818) Principal and drawing teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1816-18. He was born at Haverford West, South Wales, and was educated at Niesky Theological Seminary.
STEWART, GEORGE S.: Instructor in architectural drawing and designing at the Meadville Academy in 1856. He was a graduate of the School of Design in New York City.
STILL, MRS. ANNE: Head teacher at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women in 1851.
STRICKLAND, GEORGE: Architect and teacher of architectural drawing at the Franklin Institute. He was the brother of William Strickland, who designed the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia. [Dunlap 3:173]
SUMINSKI, A. M.: Professor of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary in 1846, and director of the artistic department of the Pittsburgh Female Institute in 1847.
SUNDERLAND, MRS. LUANNA A.: Teacher of drawing and painting in the Freeland Seminary, Montgomery County, 1853-61.
SWEENEY, MISS SARAH: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary 1867-70.
SWEITZER, MR. J. D.: Teacher of monochromatic painting at his school in Harrisburg in 1857.
SWIFT, MISS M.: A Philadelphia artist and photograph colorist who taught “Pencil and Crayon Drawing, Oil Water Colors, Pastel, Monochromatic, Grecian and Pearl Painting, &c., &c.” 1858-1863.

— T — U –

TALBOT, H. MARSHALL: Professor in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870. Perhaps the same Marshall Talbot who exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy in 1856. [Groce and Wallace, p. 618]
TAYLOR, MRS. SARAH: Ornamental needlework teacher in West Chester in 1828.
TEEL, MISS C. H.: A teacher of drawing and painting at Pittsburgh Female College from 1859 to 1867. She was from New York.
TEMPLETON, MISS SARAH: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary 1851-52.
THOMAS, PROFESSOR W. B.: Professor of ornamental penmanship at Clearfield Business Institute in 1859.
TORREY, H. D.: Professor of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary 1847-51.
TORREY, MISS N.: Teacher of landscape, fruit, and flower drawing and colouring, as well as beadwork, rugwork, and lace in York in 1828.
TOTTEN, W. P.: Teacher of ornamental penmanship in the commercial department of the Allegheny Male and Female Seminary in Rainsburg in 1860.
TREGO, MR.: Teacher of ornamental branches at Miss Withy’s Boarding and Day School in Philadelphia in 1825.
TRENCHARD, EDWARD C.: Engraver and drawing teacher in Philadelphia in 1788. Born in Philadelphia, he visited England to study, and brought Gilbert Fox back with him, to teach him etching. He was one of the founders of the Columbianum. He entered the Navy in 1800, and saw service in the war of 1812. He died in Brooklyn in 1824. [Groce and Wallace, p. 636]
TROMBULL, MARY: Needlework teacher at Bethlehem Female Seminary in 1854.
TUBBS, MR. A. B.: Photographer and teacher of the art at his Daguerrian Gallery in Harrisburg in 1850.
TURNER, MR. J. T.: Portrait painter from New York state offering drawing and painting instruction in Pittsburgh, 1811-12. He appears in Cincinnati in 1814. [Groce and Wallace, p. 639]
TURNEY, MISS OLIVE: Assistant at the Pittsburgh School of Design. [History of Pittsburgh and Environs 3:626]

— V – W – X – Y – Z —

VAN, MR. FRANCIS A.: Professor in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.
VAN DER NAILLEN, PROFESSOR A.: Mechanical drawing teacher in Pittsburgh in 1864.
VANCE, MRS. ANN: Lace teacher in York in 1828.
VANDENBURGH, C.: Photographer, gave lessons in Pottsville in 1852.
VANDOOSER, VILLANA: Teacher of drawing, painting, and embroidery at the Meadville Academy in 1856.
VOLKMAN, K.: Teacher of drawing and watercolor “together with the theory of lights and shadows in perspective drawing” in Lewisburg in 1851. He also painted watercolor portraits.
VOLOZON, DENIS A.: French landscape and historical painter, and teacher of drawing, and landscape and still-life painting at Madame Rivardi’s Seminary for Young Ladies in Philadelphia in 1802. He worked chiefly in crayon and frequently exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy. [Groce and Wallace, p. 651]
WAGNER, MRS. J. H.: Teacher of wax work and ornamental needlework at Pittsburgh Female College from 1864 to 1868.
WALLIN, MISS JOANN: Teacher of rhetoric, French, and drawing at the Oakland Female Seminary in 1841. She was from Hillsborough, Ohio.
WASHBURN, MISS: Teacher of drawing, painting, and embroidery at Mrs. Taplin’s Select School for Young Ladies in Pittsburgh in 1841.
WAY, MISS A. C.: Full-time teacher of drawing and painting at Pittsburgh Female College for the school year 1869-1870. She was a graduate of the School of Design.
WEBER, JOANA M.: Teacher of fine needlework and tambour at Bethlehem Female Seminary 1808-14.
WERTZ, G.: Ambrotype and Daguerreotype teacher in Pittsburgh in 1856.
WEVER, ADOLPHE: Pencil drawing teacher in Harrisburg during summer of 1840. A native of Prussia, Mr. Wever worked out of his hotel room, giving both individual and group lessons.
WHIPPLE, MISS CAROLINE B.: Teacher of drawing and painting at Mias Allen’s Young Ladies High School in 1844. MISS Whipple was from the New Hampton Collegiate Institute.
WHITBY, MRS.: Teacher of “all sorts of embroidery in gold. silver, silk or worsted” in Philadelphia in 1749.
WHITE, T. K.: Teacher of ornamental penmanship in the Strasburg Academy in Lancaster in 1842 and the White Hall Academy in 1854.
WILLIAM, WILLIAM: Portrait painter and teacher of “a few young ladies [who] may be instructed in the elegant Arts of Drawing and Painting, by applying to the above artist at his house” in Philadelphia in 1797.
WILLIAMS, PROFESSOR HENRY: Professor of Penmanship at Pittsburgh Female College from 1864 till his death in 1865.
WILLIAMS, JOHN D.: Teacher of Penmanship and pen-drawing in Pittsburgh in 1850, and of ornamental penmanship at Duff’s Merchants’ College of Pittsburgh in 1856. The catalogue of that college calls him the “best business and ornamental penman in the United States.”
WILLIAMS, WILLIAM: (1727-1791) Portrait painter, decorative and scenic artist, music teacher, novelist, and drawing and painting teacher at his “Evening School for the instruction of Polite Youth in the different branches of drawing” in Philadelphia in 1763. He was born in Bristol, England in 1727, and came to Philadelphia at the age of twenty. He gave lessons to Benjamin West. Discouraged by the loss of two wives and the death of his two sons in the Battle of Bunker Hill, he returned to England in 1776. He died there in an almshouse. [Groce and Wallace, p. 690]
WILSON, MRS.: Gave lessons to the ladies of Harrisburg in wax flowers and fruit from her residence on Third Street in 1838.
WILSON, MARY: Teacher of drawing and painting at Washington Female Seminary 1854-56.
YOUNG, MISS RACHEL S.: Teacher in the department of drawing, painting, &c. at the Oakland Female Institute sometime between 1845 and 1870.